RFC788
                                                                        

                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                     SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
                                    
                                    
                                    
                           Jonathan B. Postel






























                             November 1981
                                    
                                    
                                    
                     Information Sciences Institute
                   University of Southern California
                           4676 Admiralty Way
                   Marina del Rey, California  90291

                             (213) 822-1511

                                                                        
RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

   1.  INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1

   2.  THE SMTP MODEL ................................................ 2

   3.  THE SMTP PROCEDURE ............................................ 4

      3.1.  Mail ..................................................... 4
      3.2.  Forwarding ............................................... 7
      3.3.  Verifying and Expanding .................................. 8
      3.4.  Sending and Mailing ..................................... 10
      3.5.  Opening and Closing ..................................... 12
      3.6.  Relaying ................................................ 13
      3.7.  Domains ................................................. 15

   4.  THE SMTP SPECIFICATIONS ...................................... 16

      4.1.  SMTP Commands ........................................... 16
      4.1.1.  Command Semantics ..................................... 16
      4.1.2.  Command Syntax ........................................ 23
      4.2.  SMTP Replies ............................................ 28
      4.2.1.  Reply Codes by Function Group ......................... 29
      4.2.2.  Reply Codes in Numeric Order .......................... 30
      4.3.  Sequencing of Commands and Replies ...................... 31
      4.4.  State Diagrams .......................................... 33
      4.5.  Details ................................................. 35
      4.5.1.  Minimum Implementation ................................ 35
      4.5.2.  Transparency .......................................... 35
      4.5.3.  Sizes ................................................. 36

   APPENDIX A:  TCP ................................................. 38
   APPENDIX B:  NCP ................................................. 39
   APPENDIX C:  NITS ................................................ 40
   APPENDIX D:  X.25 ................................................ 41
   APPENDIX E:  Theory of Reply Codes ............................... 42
   APPENDIX F:  Scenarios ........................................... 45

   GLOSSARY ......................................................... 58

   REFERENCES ....................................................... 61


Network Working Group                                          J. Postel
Request for Comments: 788                                            ISI
Replaces: RFC 780, 772                                     November 1981

                     SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL


1.  INTRODUCTION

   The objective of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is to transfer
   mail reliably and efficiently.

   SMTP is independent of the particular transmission subsystem and
   requires only a reliable ordered data stream channel.  Appendices A,
   B, C, and D describe the use of SMTP with various transport services.
   A Glossary provides the definitions of terms as used in this
   document.

   An important feature of SMTP is its capability to relay mail across
   transport service environments.  A transport service provides an
   interprocess communication environment (IPCE).  An IPCE may cover one
   network, several networks, or a subset of a network.  It is important
   to realize that transport systems (or IPCEs) are not one-to-one with
   networks.  A process can communicate directly with another process
   through any mutually known IPCE.  Mail is an application or use of
   interprocess communication.  Mail can be communicated between
   processes in different IPCEs by relaying through a process connected
   to two (or more) IPCEs.  More specifically, mail can be relayed
   between hosts on different transport systems by a host on both
   transport systems.
























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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



2.  THE SMTP MODEL

   The SMTP design is based on the following model of communication:  as
   the result of a user mail request, the sender-SMTP establishes a
   full-duplex transmission channel to a receiver-SMTP.  The
   receiver-SMTP may be either the ultimate destination or an
   intermediate.  SMTP commands are generated by the sender-SMTP and
   sent to the receiver-SMTP.  SMTP replies are sent from the
   receiver-SMTP to the sender-SMTP in response to the commands.

   Once the transmission channel is established, the SMTP-sender sends a
   MAIL command indicating the sender of the mail.  If the SMTP-receiver
   can accept mail it responds with an OK reply.  The SMTP-sender then
   sends a RCPT command identifying a recipient of the mail.  If the
   SMTP-receiver can accept mail for that recipient it responds with an
   OK reply; if not, it responds with a reply rejecting that recipient
   (but not the whole mail transaction).  The SMTP-sender and
   SMTP-receiver may negotiate several recipients.  When the recipients
   have been negotiated the SMTP-sender sends the mail data, terminating
   with a special sequence.  If the SMTP-receiver successfully processes
   the mail data it responds with an OK reply.  The dialog is purposely
   lock-step, one-at-a-time.

     -------------------------------------------------------------

   
               +----------+                +----------+
   +------+    |          |                |          |
   | User |<-->|          |      SMTP      |          |
   +------+    |  Sender- |Commands/Replies| Receiver-|
   +------+    |   SMTP   |<-------------->|    SMTP  |    +------+
   | File |<-->|          |    and Mail    |          |<-->| File |
   |System|    |          |                |          |    |System|
   +------+    +----------+                +----------+    +------+
   

                Sender-SMTP                Receiver-SMTP

                           Model for SMTP Use

                                Figure 1

     -------------------------------------------------------------

   The SMTP provides mechanisms for the transmission of mail; directly
   from the sending user's host to the receiving user's host when the



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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   two host are connected to the same transport service, or via one or
   more relay SMTP-servers when the source and destination hosts are not
   connected to the same transport service.

   To be able to provide the relay capability the SMTP-server must be
   supplied with the name of the ultimate destination host as well as
   the destination mailbox name.

   The argument to the MAIL command is a reverse-path, which specifies
   who the mail is from.  The argument to the RCPT command is a
   forward-path, which specifies who the mail is to.  The forward-path
   is a source route while the reverse-path, is a return route (which
   may be used to return a message to the sender when an error occurs
   with a relayed message).

   When the same message is sent to multiple recipients the SMTP
   encourages the transmission of only one copy of the data for all the
   recipients at the same destination host.

   The mail commands and replies have a rigid syntax.  Replies also have
   a numeric code.  In the following, examples appear which use actual
   commands and replies.  The complete lists of commands and replies
   appears in Section 4 on specifications.

   Commands and replies are not case sensitive.  That is, a command or
   reply word may be upper case, lower case, or any mixture of upper and
   lower case.  Note that this is not true of mailbox user names.  For
   some hosts the user name is case sensitive, and SMTP implementations
   must take case to preserve the case of user names as they appear in
   mailbox arguments.  Host names are not case sensitive.

   Commands and replies are composed of characters from the ASCII
   character set [1].  Each 7-bit character is transmitted right
   justified in an 8-bit byte (or octet) with the high order bit cleared
   to zero.

   When specifying the general form of a command or reply, an argument
   (or special symbol) will be denoted by a meta-linguistic variable (or
   constant), for example, "<string>" or "<reverse-path>".  Here the
   angle brackets indicate these are a meta-linguistic variables.
   However, some arguments use the angle brackets literally.  For
   example, an actual reverse-path is enclosed in angle brackets, i.e.,
   "<Smith@ISIA>" is an instance of <reverse-path> (the angle brackets
   are actually transmitted in the command or reply).





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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



3.  THE SMTP PROCEDURES

   This section presents the procedures used in SMTP in several parts.
   First comes the basic mail procedure defined as a mail transaction.
   Following this are descriptions of forwarding mail, verifying mailbox
   names and expanding mailing lists, sending to terminals instead of or
   in combination with mailboxes, and the opening and closing exchanges.
   At the end of this section are comments on relaying, and a note on
   mail domains.  Throughout this section are examples of partial
   command and reply sequences, several complete scenarios are presented
   in Appendix F.

   3.1.  MAIL

      There are three steps to a SMTP mail transaction.  The transaction
      is started with a MAIL command which gives the sender
      identification.  A series of one or more RCPT commands follow
      giving the receiver information.  Then a DATA command gives the
      mail data.  And finally, the end of mail data indicator confirms
      the transaction.

         The first step in the procedure is the MAIL command.  The
         <reverse-path> contains the source mailbox.

            MAIL <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

         This command tells the the SMTP-receiver that a new mail
         transaction is starting and to reset all its state tables and
         buffers including any recipients or mail data.  It gives the
         reverse-path which can be used to report errors.  If accepted,
         the receiver-SMTP returns a 250 OK reply.

         The <reverse-path> can contain more than just a mailbox.  The
         <reverse-path> is a reverse source routing list of hosts and
         source mailbox.  The first host in the <reverse-path> should be
         the host sending this command.

         The second step in the procedure is the RCPT command.

            RCPT <SP> TO:<forward-path> <CRLF>

         This command gives a forward-path identifying one recipient.
         If accepted, the receiver-SMTP returns a 250 OK reply, and
         stores the forward-path.  If the recipient is unknown the
         receiver-SMTP returns a 550 Failure reply.  This second step of
         the procedure can be repeated any number of times.



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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



         The <forward-path> can contain more than just a mailbox.  The
         <forward-path> is a source routing list of hosts and
         destination mailbox.  The first host in the <forward-path>
         should be the host receiving this command.

         The third step in the procedure is the DATA command.

            DATA <CRLF>

         If accepted, the receiver-SMTP returns a 354 Intermediate reply
         and considers all succeeding lines to be the message text.
         When the end of text is received and stored the SMTP-receiver
         sends a 250 OK reply.

         Since the mail data is sent on the transmission channel the end
         of the mail data must be indicated so that the command and
         reply dialog can be resumed.  SMTP indicates the end of the
         mail data by sending a line containing only a period.  A
         transparency procedure is used to prevent this interfering with
         the user's text (see Section 4.5.2).

            Please note that the mail data includes the memo header
            items such as Date, Subject, To, Cc, From [2].

         The end of mail data indicator also confirms the mail
         transaction and tells the receiver-SMTP to now process the
         stored recipients and mail data.  If accepted, the
         receiver-SMTP returns a 250 OK reply.  The DATA command should
         fail only if the mail transaction was incomplete (for example,
         no recipients), or if resources are not available.

      The above procedure is an example of a SMTP mail transaction.
      These commands must be used only in the order discussed above.
      Example 1 (below) illustrates the use of these commands in a mail
      transaction.














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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      -------------------------------------------------------------

                     Example of the SMTP Procedure

         This SMTP example shows mail sent by Smith at host Alpha, to
         Jones, Green, and Brown at host Beta.  Here we assume that host
         Alpha contacts host Beta directly.

            S: MAIL FROM:<Smith@Alpha>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<Jones@Beta>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<Green@Beta>
            R: 550 No such user here

            S: RCPT TO:<Brown@Beta>
            R: 250 OK

            S: DATA
            R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            S: Blah blah blah...
            S: ...etc. etc. etc.
            S: <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            R: 250 OK

         The mail has now been accepted for Jones and Brown.  Green did
         not have a mailbox at host Beta.

                               Example 1

      -------------------------------------------------------------
















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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   3.2.  FORWARDING

      There are some cases where the destination information in the
      <forward-path> is incorrect, but the receiver-SMTP knows the
      correct destination.  In such cases, one the following replies
      should be used to allow the sender to contact the correct
      destination.

         251 User not local; will forward to <forward-path>

            This reply indicates that the receiver-SMTP knows the user's
            mailbox is on another host and indicates the correct
            forward-path to use in the future.  Note that either the
            host or user or both may be different.  The receiver takes
            responsibility for delivering the message.

         551 User not local; please try <forward-path>

            This reply indicates that the receiver-SMTP knows the user's
            mailbox is on another host and indicates the correct
            forward-path to use.  Note that either the host or user or
            both may be different.  The receiver refuses to accept mail
            for this user, and the sender must either redirect the mail
            according to the information provided or return an error
            response to the originating user.

      Example 2 illustrates the use of these responses.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

                         Example of Forwarding

         Either

            S: RCPT TO:<Postel@ISI>
            R: 251 User not local; will forward to <Postel@ISIF>

         Or

            S: RCPT TO:<Paul@ISIB>
            R: 551 User not local; please try <Mockapetris@ISIF>

                               Example 2

      -------------------------------------------------------------




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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   3.3.  VERIFYING AND EXPANDING

      SMTP provides as additional features, commands to verify a user
      name or expand a mailing list.  This is done with the VRFY and
      EXPN commands, which have a character string arguments.  For the
      VRFY command, the string is a user name, and the the response may
      include the full name of the user and must include the mailbox of
      the user.  For the EXPN command, the string identifies a mailing
      list, and the multiline response may include the full name of the
      users and must give the mailboxes on the mailing list.

      The case of verifying a user name is straightforward as shown in
      example 3.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

                    Example of Verifying a User Name

         Either

            S: VRFY Postel
            R: 250 Jon Postel <Postel@ISIF>

         Or

            S: VRFY Jones
            R: 550 String does not match anything.

                               Example 3

      -------------------------------------------------------------


















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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



      The case of expanding a mailbox list requires a multiline reply as
      shown in example 4.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

                  Example of Expanding a Mailing List

         Either

            S: EXPN Example-People
            R: 250-Jon Postel <Postel@ISIF>
            R: 250-Fred Fonebone <Fonebone@ISIQ>
            R: 250-Sam Q. Smith <SQSmith@ISIQ>
            R: 250-Quincy Smith <@ISIF,Q-Smith@ISI-VAXA>
            R: 250-<joe@foo-unix>
            R: 250 <xyz@bar-unix>

         Or

            S: EXPN Executive-Washroom-List
            R: 550 Access Denied to You.

                               Example 4

      -------------------------------------------------------------

      The character string arguments of the VRFY and EXPN commands
      cannot be further restricted due to the variety of implementations
      of the user name and mailbox list concepts.  On some systems it
      may be appropriate for the argument of the EXPN command to be a
      file name for a file containing a mailing list, but again there is
      a variety of file naming conventions in the internet.

      The VRFY and EXPN commands are not included in the minimum
      implementation (Section 4.5.1), and are not required to work
      across relays when they are implemented.













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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   3.4.  SENDING AND MAILING

      The main purpose of SMTP is to deliver messages to user's
      mailboxes.  A very similar service provided by some hosts is to
      deliver messages to user's terminals (provided the user is active
      on the host).  The delivery to the user's mailbox is called
      "mailing", the delivery to the user's terminal is called
      "sending".  Because in many hosts the implementation of sending is
      nearly identical to the implementation of mailing these two
      functions are combined in SMTP.  However the sending commands are
      not included in the required minimum implementation
      (Section 4.5.1).  User's should have the ability to control the
      writing of messages on their terminals.  Most hosts permit the
      user's to accept or refuse such messages.

      The following three command are defined to support the sending
      options, these are used in the mail transaction instead of the
      MAIL command and inform the receiver-SMTP of the special semantics
      of this transaction:

         SEND <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            The SEND command requires that the mail data be delivered to
            the user's terminal.  If the user is not active (or not
            accepting terminal messages) on the host a 450 reply may
            returned to a RCPT command.  The mail transaction is
            successful if the message is delivered the terminal.

         SOML <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            The Send Or MaiL command requires that the mail data be
            delivered to the user's terminal if the user is active (and
            accepting terminal messages) on the host.  If the user is
            not active (or not accepting terminal messages) then the
            mail data is entered into the user's mailbox.  The mail
            transaction is successful if the message is delivered either
            to the terminal or the mailbox.

         SAML <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            The Send And MaiL command requires that the mail data be
            delivered to the user's terminal if the user is active (and
            accepting terminal messages) on the host.  In any case the
            mail data is entered into the user's mailbox.  The mail
            transaction is successful if the message is delivered the
            mailbox.



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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



      The same reply codes that are used for the MAIL commands are used
      for these commands.















































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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   3.5.  OPENING AND CLOSING

      At the time the transmission channel is opened there is an
      exchange to ensure that the hosts are communicating with the hosts
      they think they are.

      The following two commands are used in transmission channel
      opening and closing:

         HELO <SP> <host> <CRLF>

         QUIT <CRLF>

      In the HELO command the host sending the command identifies
      itself; the command may be interpreted as saying "Hello, i am
      <host>".

      -------------------------------------------------------------

                     Example of Connection Opening

         R: 220 BBN-UNIX Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO USC-ISIF
         R: 250 BBN-UNIX

                               Example 5

      -------------------------------------------------------------

      -------------------------------------------------------------

                     Example of Connection Closing

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 BBN-UNIX Service closing transmission channel

                               Example 6

      -------------------------------------------------------------










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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   3.6.  RELAYING

      The forward-path may be a source route of the form
      "@ONE,@TWO,JOE@THREE", where ONE, TWO, and THREE are hosts.  This
      form is used to emphasize the distinction between an address and a
      route.  The mailbox is an absolute address, and the route is
      information about how to get there.  The two concepts should not
      be confused.

      The elements of the forward-path are moved to the reverse-path as
      the message is relayed from one server-SMTP to another.  The
      reverse-path is a reverse source route, (i.e., a source route from
      the current location of the message to the originator of the
      message).  When a server-SMTP deletes its identifier from the
      forward-path and inserts it into the reverse-path, it must use the
      name it is known by in the environment it is sending into, not the
      environment the mail came from, in case the server-SMTP is known
      by different names in different environments.

      Using source routing the receiver-SMTP receives mail to be relayed
      to another server-SMTP  The receiver-SMTP may accept or reject the
      task of relaying the mail in the same way it accepts or rejects
      mail for a local user.  The receiver-SMTP transforms the command
      arguments by moving its own identifier from the forward-path to
      the beginning of the reverse-path.  The receiver-SMTP then becomes
      a sender-SMTP, establishes a transmission channel to the next SMTP
      in the forward-path, and sends it the mail.

      The first host in the reverse-path should be the host sending the
      SMTP commands, and the first host in the forward-path should be
      the host receiving the SMTP commands.

      Notice that the forward-path and reverse-path appear in the SMTP
      commands and replies, but not necessarily in the message.  That
      is, there is no need for these paths and especially this syntax to
      appear in the "To:" , "From:", "CC:", etc. fields of the message
      header.

      If a server-SMTP has accepted the task of relaying the mail and
      later finds that the forward-path is incorrect or that the mail
      cannot be delivered for whatever reason, then it must construct an
      "undeliverable mail" notification message and send it to the
      originator of the undeliverable mail (as indicated by the
      reverse-path).





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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      This notification message must be from the server-SMTP at this
      host.  Of course, server-SMTPs should not send notification
      messages about problems with notification messages.  One way to
      prevent loops in error reporting is to specify a null reverse-path
      in the MAIL command of a notification message.  When such a
      message is relayed it is permissible to leave the reverse-path
      null.  A MAIL command with a null reverse-path appears as follows:

         MAIL FROM:<>

      An undeliverable mail notification message is shown in example 7.
      This notification is in response to a message originated by JOE at
      HOSTW and sent via HOSTX to HOSTY with instructions to relay it on
      to HOSTZ.  What we see in the example is the transaction between
      HOSTY and HOSTX, which is the first step in the return of the
      notification message.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

            Example Undeliverable Mail Notification Message

         S: MAIL FROM:<>
         R: 250 ok
         S: RCPT TO:<@HOSTX,JOE@HOSTW>
         R: 250 ok
         S: DATA
         R: 354 send the mail data, end with .
         S: Date: 23 Oct 81
         S: Sender: SMTP@HOSTY
         S: Subject: Mail System Problem
         S:
         S:   Sorry JOE, your message to SAM@HOSTZ lost.
         S:   HOSTZ said this:
         S:    "550 No Such User"
         S: .
         R: 250 ok

                               Example 7

      -------------------------------------------------------------









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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   3.7.  DOMAINS

      At some not too distant future time it might be necessary to
      expand the mailbox format to include a region or name domain
      identifier.  There is quite a bit of discussion on this at
      present, and is likely that SMTP will be revised in the future to
      take into account naming domains.

      The examples in this document do not show mail domains.








































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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



4.  THE SMTP SPECIFICATIONS

   4.1.  SMTP COMMANDS

      4.1.1.  COMMAND SEMANTICS

         The SMTP commands define the mail transfer or the mail system
         function requested by the user.  SMTP commands are character
         strings terminated by <CRLF>.  The command codes themselves are
         alphabetic characters terminated by <SP> if parameters follow
         and <CRLF> otherwise.  The syntax of mailboxes must conform to
         receiver site conventions.  The SMTP commands are discussed
         below.  The SMTP replies are discussed in the Section 4.2.

         A mail transaction involves several data objects which are
         communicated as arguments to different commands.  The
         reverse-path is the argument of the MAIL command, the
         forward-path is the argument of the RCPT command, and the mail
         data is the argument of the DATA command.  These arguments or
         data objects must be transmitted and held pending the
         confirmation communicated by the end of mail data indication
         which finalizes the transaction.  The model for this is that
         distinct buffers are provided to hold the types of data
         objects, that is, there is a reverse-path buffer, a
         forward-path buffer, and a mail data buffer.  Specific commands
         cause information to be appended to a specific buffer, or cause
         one or more buffers to be cleared.

         HELLO (HELO)

            This command is used to identify the sender-SMTP to the
            receiver-SMTP.  The argument field contains the host name of
            the sender-SMTP.

            The receiver-SMTP identifies itself to the sender-SMTP in
            the connection greeting reply, and in the response to this
            command.

         MAIL (MAIL)

            This command is used to initiate a mail transaction in which
            the mail data is delivered to one or more mailboxes.  The
            argument field contains a reverse-path.

            The reverse-path consists of an optional list of hosts and
            the sender mailbox.  When the list of hosts is present, it



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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            is a "reverse" source route and indicates that the mail was
            relayed through each host on the list (the first host in the
            list was the most recent relay).  This list is used as a
            source route to return non-delivery notices to the sender.
            As each relay host adds itself to the beginning of the list,
            it must use its name as known in the IPCE to which it is
            relaying the mail rather than the IPCE from which the mail
            came (if they are different).  In some types of error
            reporting messages (for example, undeliverable mail
            notifications) the reverse-path may be null (see Example 7).

            This command clears the reverse-path buffer, the
            forward-path buffer, and the mail data buffer; and inserts
            the reverse-path information from this command into the
            reverse-path buffer.

         RECIPIENT (RCPT)

            This command is used to identify an individual recipient of
            the mail data; multiple recipients are specified by multiple
            use of this command.

            The forward-path consists of an optional list of hosts and a
            required destination mailbox.  When the list of hosts is
            present, it is a source route and indicates that the mail
            must be relayed to the next host on the list.  If the
            receiver-SMTP is does not implement the relay function it
            may user the same reply it would for an unknown local user
            (550).

            When mail is relayed, the relay host must remove itself from
            the beginning forward-path and put itself at the beginning
            of the reverse-path.  When mail reaches its ultimate
            destination (the forward-path contains only a destination
            mailbox), the receiver-SMTP inserts it into the destination
            mailbox in accordance with its host mail conventions.

               For example, mail received at relay host A with arguments

                  FROM:<X@Y>
                  TO:<@A,@B,C@D>

               will be relayed on to host B with arguments

                  FROM:<@A,X@Y>
                  TO:<@B,C@D>.



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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



            This command causes its forward-path argument to be appended
            to the forward-path buffer.

         DATA (DATA)

            The receiver treats the lines following the command as mail
            data from the sender.  This command causes the mail data
            from this command to be appended to the mail data buffer.
            The mail data may contain any of the 128 ASCII character
            codes.

            The mail data is terminated by a line containing only a
            period, that is the character sequence "<CRLF>.<CRLF>" (see
            Section 4.5.2 on Transparency).  This is the end of mail
            data indication.

            The end of mail data indication requires that the receiver
            must now process the stored mail transaction information.
            This processing consumes the information in the reverse-path
            buffer, the forward-path buffer, and the mail data buffer,
            and on the completion of this command these buffers are
            cleared.  If the processing is successful the receiver must
            send an OK reply.  If the processing fails completely the
            receiver must send a failure reply.

            When the receiver-SMTP accepts a message either for relaying
            or for final delivery it inserts at the beginning of the
            mail data a time stamp line.  The time stamp line indicates
            the identity of the host that sent the message, and the
            identity of the host that received the message (and is
            inserting this time stamp), and the date and time the
            message was received.  Relayed messages will have multiple
            time stamp lines.

            When the receiver-SMTP makes the "final delivery" of a
            message it inserts at the beginning of the mail data a
            return path line.  The return path line preserves the
            information in the <reverse-path> from the MAIL command.
            Here, final delivery means the message leaves the SMTP
            world.  Normally, this would mean it has been delivered to
            the destination user, but in some cases it may be further
            processed and transmitted by another mail system.

            The preceding two paragraphs imply that the final mail data





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                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            will begin with a  return path line, followed by one or more
            time stamp lines.  These lines will be followed by the mail
            data header and body [2].  For example:

               Return-Path: <@GHI,@DEF,@ABC,JOE@ABC>
               Mail-From: GHI received by JKL at 27-Oct-81 15:27:39-PST
               Mail-From: DEF received by GHI at 27-Oct-81 15:15:13-PST
               Mail-From: ABC received by DEF at 27-Oct-81 15:01:59-PST
               Date: 27-Oct-81 15:01:01-PST
               From: JOE@ABC
               Subject: Improved Mailing System Installed
               To: SAM@JKL
               
               This is to inform you that ...

            Special mention is needed of the response and further action
            required when the processing following the end of mail data
            indication is partially successful.  This could arise if
            after accepting several recipients and the mail data, the
            receiver-SMTP finds that the mail data can be successfully
            delivered to some of the recipients, but it cannot be to
            others (for example, due to mailbox space allocation
            problems).  In such a situation, the response to the DATA
            command must be an OK reply.  But, the receiver-SMTP must
            compose and send an "undeliverable mail" notification
            message to the originator of the message.  Either a single
            notification which lists all of the recipients that failed
            to get the message, or separate notification messages must
            be sent for each failed recipient (see Example 7).  All
            undeliverable mail notification messages are sent using the
            MAIL command (even if they result from processing a SEND,
            SOML, or SAML command).

         SEND (SEND)

            This command is used to initiate a mail transaction in which
            the mail data is delivered to one or more terminals.  The
            argument field contains a reverse-path.  This command is
            successful if the message is delivered to the terminal.

            The reverse-path consists of an optional list of hosts and
            the sender mailbox.  When the list of hosts is present, it
            is a "reverse" source route and indicates that the mail was
            relayed through each host on the list (the first host in the
            list was the most recent relay).  This list is used as a
            source route to return non-delivery notices to the sender.



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



            As each relay host adds itself to the beginning of the list,
            it must use its name as known in the IPCE to which it is
            relaying the mail rather than the IPCE from which the mail
            came (if they are different).

            This command clears the reverse-path buffer, the
            forward-path buffer, and the mail data buffer; and inserts
            the reverse-path information from this command into the
            reverse-path buffer.

         SEND OR MAIL (SOML)

            This command is used to initiate a mail transaction in which
            the mail data is delivered to one or more terminals or
            mailboxes. For each recipient the mail data is delivered to
            the recipient's terminal if the recipient is active on the
            host (and accepting terminal messages), otherwise to the
            recipient's mailbox.  The argument field contains a
            reverse-path.  This command is successful if the message is
            delivered to the terminal or the mailbox.

            The reverse-path consists of an optional list of hosts and
            the sender mailbox.  When the list of hosts is present, it
            is a "reverse" source route and indicates that the mail was
            relayed through each host on the list (the first host in the
            list was the most recent relay).  This list is used as a
            source route to return non-delivery notices to the sender.
            As each relay host adds itself to the beginning of the list,
            it must use its name as known in the IPCE to which it is
            relaying the mail rather than the IPCE from which the mail
            came (if they are different).

            This command clears the reverse-path buffer, the
            forward-path buffer, and the mail data buffer; and inserts
            the reverse-path information from this command into the
            reverse-path buffer.

         SEND AND MAIL (SAML)

            This command is used to initiate a mail transaction in which
            the mail data is delivered to one or more terminals and
            mailboxes. For each recipient the mail data is delivered to
            the recipient's terminal if the recipient is active on the
            host (and accepting terminal messages), and for all





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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            recipients to the recipient's mailbox.  The argument field
            contains a reverse-path.  This command is successful if the
            message is delivered to the mailbox.

            The reverse-path consists of an optional list of hosts and
            the sender mailbox.  When the list of hosts is present, it
            is a "reverse" source route and indicates that the mail was
            relayed through each host on the list (the first host in the
            list was the most recent relay).  This list is used as a
            source route to return non-delivery notices to the sender.
            As each relay host adds itself to the beginning of the list,
            it must use its name as known in the IPCE to which it is
            relaying the mail rather than the IPCE from which the mail
            came (if they are different).

            This command clears the reverse-path buffer, the
            forward-path buffer, and the mail data buffer; and inserts
            the reverse-path information from this command into the
            reverse-path buffer.

         RESET (RSET)

            This command specifies that the current mail transaction is
            to be aborted.  Any stored sender, recipients, and mail data
            must be discarded, and all buffers and state tables cleared.
            The receiver must send an OK reply.

         VERIFY (VRFY)

            This command asks the receiver to confirm that the argument
            identifies a user.  If it is a user name, the full name of
            the user (if known) and the fully specified mailbox are
            returned.

            This command has no effect on any of the reverse-path
            buffer, the forward-path buffer, or the mail data buffer.

         EXPAND (EXPN)

            This command asks the receiver to confirm that the argument
            identifies a mailing list, and if so, to return the
            membership of that list.  The full name of the users (if
            known) and the fully specified mailboxes are returned in a
            multiline reply.





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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



            This command has no effect on any of the reverse-path
            buffer, the forward-path buffer, or the mail data buffer.

         HELP (HELP)

            This command causes the receiver to send helpful information
            to the sender of the HELP command.  The command may take an
            argument (e.g., any command name) and return more specific
            information as a response.

            This command has no effect on any of the reverse-path
            buffer, the forward-path buffer, or the mail data buffer.

         NOOP (NOOP)

            This command does not affect any parameters or previously
            entered commands.  It specifies no action other than that
            the receiver send an OK reply.

            This command has no effect on any of the reverse-path
            buffer, the forward-path buffer, or the mail data buffer.

         QUIT (QUIT)

            This command specifies that the receiver must send an OK
            reply, and then close the transmission channel.

            The receiver should not close the transmission channel until
            it receives and replies to a QUIT command (even if there was
            an error).  The sender should not close the transmission
            channel until it send a QUIT command and receives the reply
            (even if there was an error response to a previous command).
            If the connection is closed prematurely the receiver should
            act as if a RSET command had been received (canceling any
            pending transaction, but not undoing any previously
            completed transaction), the sender should act as if the
            command or transaction in progress had received a temporary
            error (4xx).

         There are restrictions on the order in which these command may
         be used.

            The first command in a session must be the HELO command.
            The HELO command may be used later in a session as well.





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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            The NOOP, HELP, EXPN, and VRFY commands can be used at any
            time during a session.

            The MAIL, SEND, SOML, or SAML commands begin a mail
            transaction.  Once started a mail transaction consists of
            one of the transaction beginning commands, one or more RCPT
            commands, and a DATA command, in that order.  A mail
            transaction may be aborted by the RSET command.  There may
            be zero or more transactions in a session.

            The last command in a session must be the QUIT command.  The
            QUIT command can not be used at any other time in a session.

      4.1.2.  COMMAND SYNTAX

         The commands consist of a command code followed by an argument
         field.  Command codes are four alphabetic characters.  Upper
         and lower case alphabetic characters are to be treated
         identically.  Thus, any of the following may represent the mail
         command:

            MAIL    Mail    mail    MaIl    mAIl

         This also applies to any symbols representing parameter values,
         such as "TO" or "to" for the forward-path.  Command codes and
         the argument fields are separated by one or more spaces.
         However, within the reverse-path and forward-path arguments
         case is important.  In particular, in some hosts the user
         "smith" is different from the user "Smith".

         The argument field consists of a variable length character
         string ending with the character sequence <CRLF>.  The receiver
         is to take no action until this sequence is received.

         Square brackets denote an optional argument field.  If the
         option is not taken, the appropriate default is implied.













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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



         The following are the SMTP commands:

            HELO <SP> <host> <CRLF>

            MAIL <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            RCPT <SP> TO:<forward-path> <CRLF>

            DATA <CRLF>

            RSET <CRLF>

            SEND <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            SOML <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            SAML <SP> FROM:<reverse-path> <CRLF>

            VRFY <SP> <string> <CRLF>

            EXPN <SP> <string> <CRLF>

            HELP [<SP> <string>] <CRLF>

            NOOP <CRLF>

            QUIT <CRLF>






















[Page 24]                                                         Postel


                                                                        
RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



         The syntax of the above argument fields (using BNF notation
         where applicable) is given below.  The "..." notation indicates
         that a field may be repeated one or more times.

            <reverse-path> ::= <path>

            <forward-path> ::= <path>

            <path> ::= "<" ["@" <host> "," ...] <mailbox> ">"

            <host> ::= <a> <string> | "#" <number> | "[" <dotnum> "]"

            <mailbox> ::= <user> "@" <host>

            <user> ::= <string>

            <string> ::= <char> | <char> <string>

            <char> ::= <c> | '\' <c> | '\' <s>

            <dotnum> ::= <snum> "." <snum> "." <snum> "." <snum>

            <number> ::= <d> | <d> <number>

            <snum> ::= three digits representing a decimal integer value
                      in the range 0 through 255

            <a> ::= any one of the 52 alphabetic characters A through Z
                      in upper case and a through z in lower case

            <c> ::= any one of the 128 ASCII characters except
                      <specials>

            <d> ::= any one of the ten digits 0 through 9

            <s> ::= any one of <specials>

            <specials> ::= '<', '>', '(', ')', '\', ',', ';', ':', '@',
            '"', and the control characters (ASCII codes 0 through 37
            octal inclusive and 177 octal)

         Note that the backslash, '\', is a quote character, which is
         used to indicate that the next character is to be used
         literally (instead of its normal interpretation).  For example,
         "Joe\,Smith" could be used to indicate a single nine character
         user field with comma being the fourth character of the field.



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



         Hosts are generally known by names which are translated to
         addresses in each host.  Sometimes a host is not known to the
         translation function and communication is blocked.  To bypass
         this barrier two numeric forms are also allowed for host
         "names".  One form is a decimal integer prefixed by a pound
         sign, "#", which indicates the number is the address of the
         host.  Another form is four small decimal integers separated by
         dots and enclosed by brackets, e.g., "[123.255.37.2]", which
         indicates a 32-bit ARPA Internet Address in four 8-bit fields.

         The time stamp line and the return path line are formally
         defined as follows:

         <return-path-line> ::= "Return-Path:" <SP><reverse-path><CRLF>

         <time-stamp-line> ::= "Mail-From:" <SP> <stamp> <CRLF>

            <stamp> ::= [<ptcl>] <from-host> <this-host> <daytime>

            <ptcl> ::= <protocol> <SP> "host" <SP>

            <from-host> ::= <host> <SP>

            <this-host> ::= "received by" <SP> <host> <SP>

            <protocol> ::= "TCP" | "NCP" | "NITS" | "X25" | "INTERNET" |
                      "ARPANET"

               Note: INTERNET = TCP, ARPANET = NCP, and if the <ptcl> is
                         not present INTERNET is assumed.

            <daytime> ::= "at" <SP> <date> <SP> <time>

            <date> ::= <dd> "-" <mon> "-" <yy>

            <time> ::= <hh> ":" <mm> ":" <ss> "-" <zone>

            <dd> ::= the one or two decimal integer day of the month in
                      the range 1 to 31.

            <mon> ::= "JAN" | "FEB" | "MAR" | "APR" | "MAY" | "JUN" |
                      "JUL" | "AUG" | "SEP" | "OCT" | "NOV" | "DEC"

            <yy> ::= the two decimal integer year of the century in the
                      range 01 to 99.




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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            <hh> ::= the two decimal integer hour of the day in the
                      range 00 to 24.

            <mm> ::= the two decimal integer minute of the hour in the
                      range 00 to 59.

            <ss> ::= the two decimal integer second of the minute in the
                      range 00 to 59.

            <zone> ::= a time zone designator (as in [2]) or "UT" for
                      Universal Time (the default).

         Return Path Example:

            Return-Path: <@CHARLIE,@BAKER,JOE@ABLE>

         Mail From Example:

            Mail-From: ABC received by XYZ at 22-OCT-81 09:23:59-PDT

         




























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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   4.2.  SMTP REPLIES

      Replies to SMTP commands are devised to ensure the synchronization
      of requests and actions in the process of mail transfer, and to
      guarantee that the sender-SMTP always knows the state of the
      receiver-SMTP.  Every command must generate exactly one reply.

         The details of the command-reply sequence are made explicit in
         Section 5.3 on Sequencing and Section 5.4 State Diagrams.

      An SMTP reply consists of a three digit number (transmitted as
      three alphanumeric characters) followed by some text.  The number
      is intended for use by automata to determine what state to enter
      next; the text is meant for the human user.  It is intended that
      the three digits contain enough encoded information that the
      sender-SMTP need not examine the text and may either discard it or
      pass it on to the user, as appropriate.  In particular, the text
      may be receiver-dependent, so there are likely to be varying texts
      for each reply code.  A discussion of the theory of reply codes is
      given in the Appendix E.  Formally, a reply is defined to be the
      sequence:  a three-digit code, <SP>, one line of text, and <CRLF>,
      or a multiline reply (as defined in Appendix E).  Only the EXPN
      and HELP command are expected to result in multiline replies in
      normal circumstances, however multiline replies are allowed for
      any command.
























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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



      4.2.1.  REPLY CODES BY FUNCTION GROUPS

         500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
            [This may include errors such as command line too long]
         501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
         502 Command not implemented
         503 Bad sequence of commands
         504 Command parameter not implemented
          
         211 System status, or system help reply
         214 Help message
            [Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
            particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only
            to the human user]
          
         220 <host> Service ready
         221 <host> Service closing transmission channel
         421 <host> Service not available, closing transmission channel
            [This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
            must shut down]
          
         250 Requested mail action okay, completed
         251 User not local; will forward to <forward-path>
         450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
            [E.g., mailbox busy]
         550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
            [E.g., mailbox not found, no access]
         451 Requested action aborted: error in processing
         551 User not local; please try <forward-path>
         452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
         552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
         553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
            [E.g., mailbox syntax incorrect]
         354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         554 Transaction failed
         













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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      4.2.2.  NUMERIC ORDER LIST OF REPLY CODES

         211 System status, or system help reply
         214 Help message
            [Information on how to use the receiver or the meaning of a
            particular non-standard command; this reply is useful only
            to the human user]
         220 <host> Service ready
         221 <host> Service closing transmission channel
         250 Requested mail action okay, completed
         251 User not local; will forward to <forward-path>
          
         354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
          
         421 <host> Service not available, closing transmission channel
            [This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it
            must shut down]
         450 Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable
            [E.g., mailbox busy]
         451 Requested action aborted: local error in processing
         452 Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
          
         500 Syntax error, command unrecognized
            [This may include errors such as command line too long]
         501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments
         502 Command not implemented
         503 Bad sequence of commands
         504 Command parameter not implemented
         550 Requested action not taken: mailbox unavailable
            [E.g., mailbox not found, no access]
         551 User not local; please try <forward-path>
         552 Requested mail action aborted: exceeded storage allocation
         553 Requested action not taken: mailbox name not allowed
            [E.g., mailbox syntax incorrect]
         554 Transaction failed
         













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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   4.3.  SEQUENCING OF COMMANDS AND REPLIES

      The communication between the sender and receiver is intended to
      be an alternating dialogue, controlled by the sender.  As such,
      the sender issues a command and the receiver responds with a
      reply.  The sender must wait for this response before sending
      further commands.

      One important reply is the connection greeting.  Normally, a
      receiver will send a 220 "Awaiting input" reply when the
      connection is completed.  The sender should wait for this greeting
      message before sending any commands.

         Note: all the greeting type replies have the official name of
         the server host as the first word following the reply code.

            For example,

               220 <SP> USC-ISIF <SP> Service ready <CRLF>

      The table below lists alternative success and failure replies for
      each command.  These must be strictly adhered to; a receiver may
      substitute text in the replies, but the meaning and action implied
      by the code numbers and by the specific command reply sequence
      cannot be altered.

      COMMAND-REPLY SEQUENCES

         Each command is listed with its possible replies.  The prefixes
         used before the possible replies are "P" for preliminary (not
         used in SMTP), "I" for intermediate, "S" for success, "F" for
         failure, and "E" for error.  The 421 reply (service not
         available, closing transmission channel) may be given to any
         command if the SMTP-receiver knows it must shut down.  This
         listing forms the basis for the State Diagrams in Section 4.4.

            CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
               S: 220
               F: 421
            HELO
               S: 250
               E: 500, 501, 504, 421
            MAIL
               S: 250
               F: 552, 451, 452
               E: 500, 501, 421



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



            RCPT
               S: 250, 251
               F: 550, 551, 552, 553, 450, 451, 452
               E: 500, 501, 421
            DATA
               I: 354 -> data -> S: 250
                                 F: 552, 554, 451, 452
               F: 451, 554
               E: 500, 501, 421
            RSET
               S: 250
               E: 500, 501, 504, 421
            SEND
               S: 250
               F: 552, 451, 452
               E: 500, 501, 502, 421
            SOML
               S: 250
               F: 552, 451, 452
               E: 500, 501, 502, 421
            SAML
               S: 250
               F: 552, 451, 452
               E: 500, 501, 502, 421
            VRFY
               S: 250
               F: 550
               E: 500, 501, 502, 504, 421
            EXPN
               S: 250
               F: 550
               E: 500, 501, 502, 504, 421
            HELP
               S: 211, 214
               E: 500, 501, 502, 504, 421
            NOOP
               S: 250
               E: 500, 421
            QUIT
               S: 221
               E: 500








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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   4.4.  STATE DIAGRAMS

      Following are state diagrams for a simple-minded SMTP
      implementation.  Only the first digit of the reply codes is used.
      There is one state diagram for each group of SMTP commands.  The
      command groupings were determined by constructing a model for each
      command and then collecting together the commands with
      structurally identical models.

      For each command there are three possible outcomes:  "success"
      (S), "failure" (F), and "error" (E). In the state diagrams below
      we use the symbol B for "begin", and the symbol W for "wait for
      reply".

      First, the diagram that represents most of the SMTP commands:

         
                                  1,3    +---+
                             ----------->| E |
                            |            +---+
                            |
         +---+    cmd    +---+    2      +---+
         | B |---------->| W |---------->| S |
         +---+           +---+           +---+
                            |
                            |     4,5    +---+
                             ----------->| F |
                                         +---+
         

         This diagram models the commands:

            HELO, MAIL, RCPT, RSET, SEND, SOML, SAML, VRFY, EXPN, HELP,
            NOOP, QUIT.















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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      A more complex diagram models the DATA command:

         
         +---+   DATA    +---+ 1,2                 +---+
         | B |---------->| W |-------------------->| E |
         +---+           +---+        ------------>+---+
                         3| |4,5     |
                          | |        |
            --------------   -----   |
           |                      |  |             +---+
           |               ----------     -------->| S |
           |              |       |      |         +---+
           |              |  ------------
           |              | |     |
           V           1,3| |2    |
         +---+   data    +---+     --------------->+---+
         |   |---------->| W |                     | F |
         +---+           +---+-------------------->+---+
                              4,5


         Note that the "data" here is a series of lines sent from the
         sender to the receiver with no response expected until the last
         line is sent.

























[Page 34]                                                         Postel


                                                                        
RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   4.5.  DETAILS

      4.5.1.  MINIMUM IMPLEMENTATION

         In order to make SMTP workable, the following minimum
         implementation is required for all receivers:

            COMMANDS -- HELO
                        MAIL
                        RCPT
                        DATA
                        RSET
                        NOOP
                        QUIT

      4.5.2.  TRANSPARENCY

         Without some provision for data transparency the character
         sequence "<CRLF>.<CRLF>" ends the the mail text and cannot be
         sent by the user.  In general, users are not aware of such
         "forbidden" sequences.  To allow all user composed text to be
         transmitted transparently the following procedures are used.

            1. Before sending a line of mail text the sender-SMTP checks
            the first character of the line.  If it is a period, one
            additional period is inserted at the beginning of the line.

            2. When a line of mail text is received by the receiver-SMTP
            it checks the the line.  If the line is composed of a single
            period it is the end of mail.  If the first character is a
            period and there are other characters on the line, the first
            character is deleted.

         The mail data may contain any of the 128 ASCII characters.  All
         characters are to be delivered to the recipients mailbox
         including format effectors and other control characters.  The
         7-bit ASCII codes are transmitted right justified in 8-bit
         bytes (octets) with the high order bits cleared to zero.

            In some systems it may be necessary to transform the data as
            it is received and stored.  This may be necessary for hosts
            that use a different character set than ASCII as their local
            character set, or that store data in records rather than
            strings.  If such transforms are necessary, they must be
            reversible -- especially if such transforms are applied to
            mail being relayed.



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      4.5.3.  SIZES

         There are several objects that have required minimum maximum
         sizes.  That is every implementation must be able to receive
         objects of at least these sizes, but must not send objects
         larger than these sizes.

                                    
          ****************************************************
          *                                                  *
          *  TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT POSSIBLE, IMPLEMENTATION  *
          *  TECHNIQUES WHICH IMPOSE NO LIMITS ON THE LENGTH *
          *  OF THESE OBJECTS SHOULD BE USED.                *
          *                                                  *
          ****************************************************

            user

               The maximum total length of a user name is 64 characters.

            host

               The maximum total length of a host name or number is 40
               characters.

            path

               The maximum total length of a reverse-path or
               forward-path is 256 characters (including the punctuation
               and element separators).

            command line

               The maximum total length of a command line including the
               command word and the <CRLF> is 512 characters.

            reply line

               The maximum total length of a reply line including the
               reply code and the <CRLF> is 512 characters.

            text line

               The maximum total length of a text line including the
               <CRLF> is 1000 characters (but not counting the leading
               dot duplicated for transparency).



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                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



            recipients buffer

               The maximum total number of recipients that must be
               buffered is 100 recipients.

                                    
          ****************************************************
          *                                                  *
          *  TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT POSSIBLE, IMPLEMENTATION  *
          *  TECHNIQUES WHICH IMPOSE NO LIMITS ON THE LENGTH *
          *  OF THESE OBJECTS SHOULD BE USED.                *
          *                                                  *
          ****************************************************

         Errors due to exceeding these limits may be reported by using
         the reply codes, for example:

            500 Line too long.

            501 Path too long

            552 Too many recipients.

            552 Too much mail data.

























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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



APPENDIX A

   TCP Transport service

      The Transmission Control Protocol [3] is used in the ARPA
      Internet, and in any network following the US DoD standards for
      internetwork protocols.

      Connection Establishment

         The SMTP transmission channel is a TCP connection established
         between the sender process port U and the receiver process port
         L.  This single full duplex connection is used as the
         transmission channel.  This protocol is assigned the service
         port 25 (31 octal), that is L=25.

      Data Transfer

         The TCP connection supports the transmission of 8-bit bytes.
         The SMTP data is 7-bit ASCII characters.  Each character is
         transmitted as a 8-bit byte with the high-order bit cleared to
         zero.



























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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



APPENDIX B

   NCP Transport service

      The ARPANET Host-to-Host Protocol [4] (implemented by the Network
      Control Program) may be used in the ARPANET.

      Connection Establishment

         The SMTP transmission channel is established via NCP between
         the the sender process socket U and receiver process socket L.
         The Initial Connection Protocol [5] is followed resulting in a
         pair of simplex connections.  This pair of connections is used
         as the transmission channel.  This protocol is assigned the
         contact socket 25 (31 octal), that is L=25.

      Data Transfer

         The NCP data connections are established in 8-bit byte mode.
         The SMTP data is 7-bit ASCII characters.  Each character is
         transmitted as a 8-bit byte with the high-order bit cleared to
         zero.



























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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



APPENDIX C

   NITS

      The Network Independent Transport Service [6] may be used.

      Connection Establishment

         The SMTP transmission channel is established via NITS between
         the sender process and receiver process.  The sender process
         executes the CONNECT primitive, and the waiting receiver
         process executes the ACCEPT primitive.

      Data Transfer

         The NITS connection supports the transmission of 8-bit bytes.
         The SMTP data is 7-bit ASCII characters.  Each character is
         transmitted as a 8-bit byte with the high-order bit cleared to
         zero.






























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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



APPENDIX D

   X.25 Transport service

      It may be possible to use the X.25 service [7] as provided by the
      Public Data Networks directly, but there are indications that it
      is too error prone to qualify as a reliable channel.  It is
      suggested that a reliable end-to-end protocol such as TCP be used
      on top of X.25 connections.








































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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



APPENDIX E

   Theory of Reply Codes

      The three digits of the reply each have a special significance.
      The first digit denotes whether the response is good, bad or
      incomplete.  An unsophisticated sender-SMTP will be able to
      determine its next action (proceed as planned, redo, retrench,
      etc.) by simply examining this first digit.  A sender-SMTP that
      wants to know approximately what kind of error occurred (e.g.,
      mail system error, command syntax error) may examine the second
      digit, reserving the third digit for the finest gradation of
      information.

         There are five values for the first digit of the reply code:

            1yz   Positive Preliminary reply

               The command has been accepted, but the requested action
               is being held in abeyance, pending confirmation of the
               information in this reply.  The sender-SMTP should send
               another command specifying whether to continue or abort
               the action.

                  [Note: SMTP does not have any commands that allow this
                  type of reply, and so does not have the continue or
                  abort commands.]

            2yz   Positive Completion reply

               The requested action has been successfully completed.  A
               new request may be initiated.

            3yz   Positive Intermediate reply

               The command has been accepted, but the requested action
               is being held in abeyance, pending receipt of further
               information.  The sender-SMTP should send another command
               specifying this information.  This reply is used in
               command sequence groups.

            4yz   Transient Negative Completion reply

               The command was not accepted and the requested action did
               not occur.  However, the error condition is temporary and
               the action may be requested again.  The sender should



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                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



               return to the beginning of the command sequence (if any).
               It is difficult to assign a meaning to "transient" when
               two different sites (receiver- and sender- SMTPs) must
               agree on the interpretation.  Each reply in this category
               might have a different time value, but the sender-SMTP is
               encouraged to try again.  A rule of thumb to determine if
               a reply fits into the 4yz or the 5yz category (see below)
               is that replies are 4yz if they can be repeated without
               any change in command form or in properties of the sender
               or receiver.  (E.g., the command is repeated identically
               and the receiver does not put up a new implementation.)

            5yz   Permanent Negative Completion reply

               The command was not accepted and the requested action did
               not occur.  The sender-SMTP is discouraged from repeating
               the exact request (in the same sequence).  Even some
               "permanent" error conditions can be corrected, so the
               human user may want to direct the sender-SMTP to
               reinitiate the command sequence by direct action at some
               point in the future (e.g., after the spelling has been
               changed, or the user has altered the account status).

         The second digit encodes responses in specific categories:

            x0z   Syntax -- These replies refer to syntax errors,
                  syntactically correct commands that don't fit any
                  functional category, and unimplemented or superfluous
                  commands.

            x1z   Information --  These are replies to requests for
                  information, such as status or help.

            x2z   Connections -- These are replies referring to the
                  transmission channel.

            x3z   Unspecified as yet.

            x4z   Unspecified as yet.

            x5z   Mail system -- These replies indicate the status of
                  the receiver mail system vis-a-vis the requested
                  transfer or other mail system action.

         The third digit gives a finer gradation of meaning in each
         category specified by the second digit.  The list of replies



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



         illustrates this.  Each reply text is recommended rather than
         mandatory, and may even change according to the command with
         which it is associated.  On the other hand, the reply codes
         must strictly follow the specifications in this section.
         Receiver implementations should not invent new codes for
         slightly different situations from the ones described here, but
         rather adapt codes already defined.

         For example, a command such as NOOP whose successful execution
         does not offer the sender-SMTP any new information will return
         a 250 reply.  The response is 502 when the command requests an
         unimplemented non-site-specific action.  A refinement of that
         is the 504 reply for a command that is implemented, but that
         requests an unimplemented parameter.

      The reply text may be longer than a single line; in these cases
      the complete text must be marked so the sender-SMTP knows when it
      can stop reading the reply.  This requires a special format to
      indicate a multiple line reply.

         The format for multi-line replies requires that every line,
         except the last, begin with the reply code, followed
         immediately by a hyphen, "-" (also known as minus), followed by
         text.  The last line will begin with the reply code, followed
         immediately by <SP>, optionally some text, and <CRLF>.

            For example:
                                123-First line
                                123-Second line
                                123-234 text beginning with numbers
                                123 The last line

         The sender-SMTP then simply needs to search for the reply code
         followed by <SP> at the beginning of a line, and ignore all
         preceding lines.














[Page 44]                                                         Postel


                                                                        
RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



APPENDIX F

   Scenarios

      This section presents complete scenarios of several types of SMTP
      sessions.

   A Typical SMTP Transaction Scenario

      This SMTP example shows mail sent by Smith at host USC-ISIF, to
      Jones, Green, and Brown at host BBN-UNIX.  Here we assume that
      host USC-ISIF contacts host BBN-UNIX directly.  The mail is
      accepted for Jones and Brown.  Green does not have a mailbox at
      host BBN-UNIX.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 BBN-UNIX Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO USC-ISIF
         R: 250 BBN-UNIX

         S: MAIL FROM:<Smith@USC-ISIF>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Jones@BBN-UNIX>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Green@BBN-UNIX>
         R: 550 No such user here

         S: RCPT TO:<Brown@BBN-UNIX>
         R: 250 OK

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 BBN-UNIX Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 1

      -------------------------------------------------------------



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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   Aborted SMTP Transaction Scenario

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 MIT-Multics Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO ISI-VAXA
         R: 250 MIT-Multics

         S: MAIL FROM:<Smith@ISI-VAXA>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Jones@MIT-Multics>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Green@MIT-Multics>
         R: 550 No such user here

         S: RSET
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 MIT-Multics Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 2

      -------------------------------------------------------------























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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   Relayed Mail Scenario

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         Step 1  --  Source Host to Relay Host

            R: 220 USC-ISIE Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO MIT-AI
            R: 250 USC-ISIE

            S: MAIL FROM:<JQP@MIT-AI>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,Jones@BBN-VAX>
            R: 250 OK

            S: DATA
            R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            S: Date: 2-Nov-81 22:33:44
            S: From: John Q. Public <JQP at MIT-AI>
            S: Subject:  The Next Meeting of the Board
            S: To: Jones at BBN-Vax
            S:
            S: Bill:
            S: The next meeting of the board of directors will be
            S: on Tuesday.
            S:                                              John.
            S: .
            R: 250 OK

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 USC-ISIE Service closing transmission channel

















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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



         Step 2  --  Relay Host to Destination Host

            R: 220 BBN-VAX Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO USC-ISIE
            R: 250 BBN-VAX

            S: MAIL FROM:<@ISIE,JQP@MIT-AI>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<Jones@BBN-VAX>
            R: 250 OK

            S: DATA
            R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            S: Mail-From: NCP host MIT-AI received by USC-ISIE at
               2-Nov-81 22:40:10
            S: Date: 2-Nov-81 22:33:44
            S: From: John Q. Public <JQP at MIT-AI>
            S: Subject:  The Next Meeting of the Board
            S: To: Jones at BBN-Vax
            S:
            S: Bill:
            S: The next meeting of the board of directors will be
            S: on Tuesday.
            S:                                              John.
            S: .
            R: 250 OK

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 USC-ISIE Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 3

      -------------------------------------------------------------















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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   Verifying and Sending Scenario

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 SU-SCORE Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO MIT-MC
         R: 250 SU-SCORE

         S: VRFY Crispin
         R: 250 Mark Crispin <Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>

         S: SEND FROM:<EAK@MIT-MC>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>
         R: 250 OK

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 SU-SCORE Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 4

      -------------------------------------------------------------



















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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   Sending and Mailing Scenarios

      First the user's name is verified, then  an attempt is made to
      send to the user's terminal.  When that fails, the messages is
      mailed to the user's mailbox.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 SU-SCORE Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO MIT-MC
         R: 250 SU-SCORE

         S: VRFY Crispin
         R: 250 Mark Crispin <Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>

         S: SEND FROM:<EAK@MIT-MC>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>
         R: 450 User not active now

         S: RSET
         R: 250 OK

         S: MAIL FROM:<EAK@MIT-MC>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>
         R: 250 OK

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 SU-SCORE Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 5

      -------------------------------------------------------------






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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



      Doing the preceding scenario more efficiently.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 SU-SCORE Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO MIT-MC
         R: 250 SU-SCORE

         S: VRFY Crispin
         R: 250 Mark Crispin <Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>

         S: SOML FROM:<EAK@MIT-MC>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<Admin.MRC@SU-SCORE>
         R: 250 User not active now, so will do mail.

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 SU-SCORE Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 6

      -------------------------------------------------------------



















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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   Mailing List Scenario

      First each of two mailing lists are expanded in separate sessions
      with different hosts.  Then the message is sent to everyone that
      appeared on either list (but no duplicates) via a relay host.

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         Step 1  --  Expanding the First List

            R: 220 MIT-AI Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO SU-SCORE
            R: 250 MIT-AI

            S: EXPN Example-People
            R: 250-<ABC@MIT-MC>
            R: 250-Fred Fonebone <Fonebone@ISIQ>
            R: 250-Xenon Y. Zither <XYZ@MIT-AI>
            R: 250-Quincy Smith <@ISIF,Q-Smith@ISI-VAXA>
            R: 250-<joe@foo-unix>
            R: 250 <xyz@bar-unix>

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 MIT-AI Service closing transmission channel

























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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



         Step 2  --  Expanding the Second List

            R: 220 MIT-MC Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO SU-SCORE
            R: 250 MIT-MC

            S: EXPN Interested-Parties
            R: 250-Al Calico <ABC@MIT-MC>
            R: 250-<XYZ@MIT-AI>
            R: 250-Quincy Smith <@ISIF,Q-Smith@ISI-VAXA>
            R: 250-<fred@BBN-UNIX>
            R: 250 <xyz@bar-unix>

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 MIT-MC Service closing transmission channel


































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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



         Step 3  --  Mailing to All via a Relay Host

            R: 220 USC-ISIE Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO SU-SCORE
            R: 250 USC-ISIE

            S: MAIL FROM:<Account.Person@SU-SCORE>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,ABC@MIT-MC>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,Fonebone@ISIQ>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,XYZ@MIT-AI>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,@ISIF,Q-Smith@ISI-VAXA>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,joe@FOO-UNIX>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,xyz@BAR-UNIX>
            R: 250 OK
            S: RCPT TO:<@ISIE,fred@BBN-UNIX>
            R: 250 OK

            S: DATA
            R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            S: Blah blah blah...
            S: ...etc. etc. etc.
            S: .
            R: 250 OK

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 USC-ISIE Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 7

      -------------------------------------------------------------













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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   Forwarding Scenarios

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 USC-ISIF Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO LBL-UNIX
         R: 250 USC-ISIF

         S: MAIL FROM:<mo@LBL-UNIX>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<fred@USC-ISIF>
         R: 251 User not local; will forward to <Jones@USC-ISIA>

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 USC-ISIF Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 8

      -------------------------------------------------------------






















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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



      -------------------------------------------------------------

         Step 1  --  Trying the Mailbox at the First Host

            R: 220 USC-ISIF Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO LBL-UNIX
            R: 250 USC-ISIF

            S: MAIL FROM:<mo@LBL-UNIX>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<fred@USC-ISIF>
            R: 251 User not local; will forward to <Jones@USC-ISIA>

            S: RSET
            R: 250 OK

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 USC-ISIF Service closing transmission channel

         Step 2  --  Delivering the Mail at the Second Host

            R: 220 USC-ISIA Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
            S: HELO LBL-UNIX
            R: 250 USC-ISIA

            S: MAIL FROM:<mo@LBL-UNIX>
            R: 250 OK

            S: RCPT TO:<Jones@USC-ISIA>
            R: OK

            S: DATA
            R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
            S: Blah blah blah...
            S: ...etc. etc. etc.
            S: .
            R: 250 OK

            S: QUIT
            R: 221 USC-ISIA Service closing transmission channel

                               Scenario 9

      -------------------------------------------------------------




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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   Too Many Recipients Scenario

      -------------------------------------------------------------

         R: 220 BERKELEY Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
         S: HELO USC-ISIF
         R: 250 BERKELEY

         S: MAIL FROM:<Postel@USC-ISIF>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<fabry@BERKELEY>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<eric@BERKELEY>
         R: 552 Recipient storage full, try again in another transaction

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: MAIL FROM:<Postel@USC-ISIF>
         R: 250 OK

         S: RCPT TO:<eric@BERKELEY>
         R: 250 OK

         S: DATA
         R: 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
         S: Blah blah blah...
         S: ...etc. etc. etc.
         S: .
         R: 250 OK

         S: QUIT
         R: 221 BERKELEY Service closing transmission channel

                              Scenario 10

      -------------------------------------------------------------






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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



GLOSSARY

   ASCII

      American Standard Code for Information Interchange [1].

   command

      A request for a mail service action sent by the sender-SMTP to the
      receiver-SMTP.

   end of mail data indication

      A special sequence of characters that indicates the end of the
      mail data.  In particular, the five characters carriage return,
      line feed, period, carriage return, line feed, in that order.

   host

      A computer in the internetwork environment on which mailboxes or
      SMTP processes reside.

   line

      A line of text ending with a <CRLF>.

   mail data

      A sequence of ASCII characters of arbitrary length, which conforms
      to the standard set in the Standard for the Format of ARPA Network
      Text Messages (RFC 733 [2]).

   mailbox

      A character string (address) which identifies a user to whom mail
      is to be sent.  Mailbox normally consists of the host and user
      specifications.  The standard mailbox naming convention is defined
      to be "user@host".  Additionally, the "container" in which mail is
      stored.

   receiver-SMTP process

      A process which transfers mail in cooperation with a sender-SMTP
      process.  It waits for a connection to be established via the
      transport service.  It receives SMTP commands from the
      sender-SMTP, sends replies, and performs the specified operations.



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                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



   reply

      A reply is an acknowledgment (positive or negative) sent from
      receiver to sender via the transmission channel in response to a
      SMTP command.  The general form of a reply is a completion code
      (including error codes) followed by a text string.  The codes are
      for use by programs and the text is usually intended for human
      users.

   sender-SMTP process

      A process which transfers mail in cooperation with a receiver-SMTP
      process.  A local language may be used in the user interface
      command/reply dialogue.  The sender-SMTP initiates the transport
      service connection.  It initiates SMTP commands, receives replies,
      and governs the transfer of mail.

   session

      The set of exchanges that occur while the transmission channel is
      open.

   transaction

      The set of exchanges required for one message to be transmitted
      for one or more recipients.

   transmission channel

      A full-duplex communication path between a sender-SMTP and a
      receiver-SMTP for the exchange of commands, replies, and mail
      text.

   transport service

      Any reliable stream-oriented data communication services.  For
      example, NCP, TCP, NITS.

   user

      A human being (or a process on behalf of a human being) wishing to
      obtain mail transfer service.  In addition, a recipient of
      computer mail.






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November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   word

      A sequence of printing characters.

   <CRLF>

      The characters carriage return and line feed (in that order).

   <SP>

      The space character.






































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RFC 788                                                    November 1981
                                           Simple Mail Transfer Protocol



REFERENCES

   [1]  ASCII

      ASCII, "USA Code for Information Interchange", United States of
      America Standards Institute, X3.4, 1968.  Also in:  Feinler, E.
      and J. Postel, eds., "ARPANET Protocol Handbook", NIC 7104, for
      the Defense Communications Agency by SRI International, Menlo
      Park, California, Revised January 1978.

   [2]  RFC 733

      Crocker, D., J. Vittal, K. Pogran, and D. Henderson, "Standard for
      the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages," RFC 733, NIC 41952,
      November 1977.  Also in:  Feinler, E. and J. Postel, eds.,
      "ARPANET Protocol Handbook", NIC 7104, for the Defense
      Communications Agency by SRI International, Menlo Park,
      California, Revised January 1978.

   [3]  TCP

      Postel, J., ed., "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet
      Program Protocol Specification", RFC 793, USC/Information Sciences
      Institute, September 1981.

   [4]  NCP

      McKenzie,A., "Host/Host Protocol for the ARPA Network", NIC 8246,
      January 1972.  Also in:  Feinler, E. and J. Postel, eds., "ARPANET
      Protocol Handbook", NIC 7104, for the Defense Communications
      Agency by SRI International, Menlo Park, California, Revised
      January 1978.

   [5]  Initial Connection Protocol

      Postel, J., "Official Initial Connection Protocol", NIC 7101,
      11 June 1971.  Also in:  Feinler, E. and J. Postel, eds., "ARPANET
      Protocol Handbook", NIC 7104, for the Defense Communications
      Agency by SRI International, Menlo Park, California, Revised
      January 1978.

   [6]  NITS

      PSS/SG3, "A Network Independent Transport Service", Study Group 3,
      The Post Office PSS Users Group, February 1980.  Available from
      the DCPU, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK.



Postel                                                         [Page 61]


                                                                        
November 1981                                                    RFC 788
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol                                           



   [7]  X.25

      CCITT, "Recommendation X.25 - Interface Between Data Terminal
      Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) for
      Terminals Operating in the Packet Mode on Public Data Networks,"
      CCITT Orange Book, Vol. VIII.2, International Telephone and
      Telegraph Consultative Committee, Geneva, 1976.

         








































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